Self-Reflection Component Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self-Reflection Component - Essay Example I set forth extraordinary degree of exertion toward finish of the venture, as I am an exceptionally committed sort of an understudy who has confidence in the accomplishment of targets through goals and determination. Working in a gathering was an absolutely new and new experience for me. I truly enjoyed working in the gathering, as I had the option to impart my thoughts and points of view to all the trading off and thankful individuals from the gathering. We all got each other out, and gave positive input and valuable analysis to one another, and thus, albeit a feeling of rivalry was there yet it was empowering and productive for us all. We spoke with one another about the objectives and targets of the undertaking, set cutoff times, and complied with those time constraints through self control. I would like to chip away at more business related undertakings in future, as I have increased a great deal of information through this venture and wish to acquire through gathering

Joan Miro Essay Paper Example For Students

Joan Miro Essay Paper The Catalan battle and Spanish Civil War incredibly impacted Joan MirãÆ'â ³ s craftsmanship; Miros procedures of strong strokes with paint and earthenware production empower MirãÆ'â ³ to communicate his sentiments and portray the Catalan people groups battle through workmanship. I. Oddity during the 1920s A. Naturally introduced to a Catalan culture B. Extraordinary patriot action C. Masia D. Merciful Greenburg II. Absence of enthusiasm for political issues A. Spanish Civil War B. Being Catalan C. Catalan battle for opportunity III. Vocation in craftsmanship A. 1911 enlisted at configuration school B. Frances GalãÆ'â ­ C. 1914 MirãÆ'â ³s soonest painting 1. Paris-1920/changes 2. The Hunter IV. Outrage in MirãÆ'â ³s workmanship A. Spaces of his craft are involved B. New strains V. Star groupings A. Restrictions B. Passing Working Thesis: The Catalan battle and Spanish Civil War incredibly affected Joan MirãÆ'â ³s craftsmanship; MirãÆ'â ³s strategies of mighty strokes with paint and earthenware production empower MirãÆ'â ³ to communicate his sentiments and delineate the Catalan people groups battle through workmanship. Oddity during the 1920s was characterized as a fabulous game plan of materials that impacted MirãÆ'â ³, because of the way that he was one of the most unique and thoughtful craftsmen during the Surrealism time frames. MirãÆ'â ³ was naturally introduced to the Catalan culture in April 20,1893 in Barcelona, Spain Munro 288. Being naturally introduced to the Catalan culture allowed MirãÆ'â ³ a chance to have an exceptional patriot movement. In which much consideration was paid not exclusively to political articulations of the requirement for independence, yet in addition to the re-Catalanizing of consistently life Higdon 1. It was important to battle with the goal that Catalan, our language may be perceived as a social language MirãÆ'â ³. In 1910 MirãÆ'â ³s guardians purchased a masia which is a kind of customary farmstead of Catalonia, where the family has its underlying foundations on the fatherly side. MirãÆ'â ³ depicted the masia in his artistic creation The Farm of 1921-1922 Figure1. Forgiving Greenburg a dear companion of MirãÆ'â ³ who is additionally a pundit, said that MirãÆ'â ³s workmanship depends on thoughts of painting as a permanent two dimensional medium Munro 289. Greenburg likewise expressed MirãÆ'â ³ is known for his practically all out absence of enthusiasm for political issues Munro 289. The main thing that truly kept MirãÆ'â ³ intrigued was his kin and their way of life. What truly shot MirãÆ'â ³ down was the Spanish Civil War, he expressed that I am not for rebellion. I am in favor for Spanish solidarity, European solidarity, and World solidarity. He accepted that they ought to have the option to commend their legends, and keep their own laws Higdon 1. Being Catalan was really hard on MirãÆ'â ³ just as his kin and their way of life. For one, the administration attempted to close them out or if nothing else make them in to a Spanish-talking nation. However the Catalans needed to push on their battle for opportunity. MirãÆ'â ³ utilized his artistic creations to show his inclination for solidarity, and needed his kin to reserve the privilege to rehearse their traditions Munro 288. He was very committed to his kin and their desires. He needed to bring out Catalan conventions just as their language Higdon 2. MirãÆ'â ³ vocation in craftsmanship was kind of welcomed on by fate. In 1911 he selected at a plan craftsmanship school, educated by a man named Frances GalãÆ'â ­. GalãÆ'â ­ was amazingly severe and clear. His craft was fundamentally attracted the type of an image. However when he saw MirãÆ'â ³s craftsmanship he understood genuine potential and understood that MirãÆ'â ³s utilization of paint strokes and utilization of two-dimensional shapes were novel. In 1914 MirãÆ'â ³ painted a man wearing a Catalan freedom top. Higdon2 After MirãÆ'â ³ had finished limited quantity of his artistic creations they were brought to Barcelona for their sheltered keeping. For example, the Montroig, the Church and the Village Figure 2, The Farm Figure 1, Still Life with Old Shoe Figure 3, and Women in the Night Figure 4, When MirãÆ'â ³ moved to Paris during the 1920s he encountered a wide assortment of changes in a single year, he had then moved from naãÆ'â ¯ve of The Farm to the startlingly extra deliberation of the Hunter. .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .postImageUrl , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:hover , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:visited , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:active { border:0!important; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:active , .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0cfa81358c6 3e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0cfa81358c63e8e201c58a1eb158ffc7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Leonard Bernstein EssayAfter his involvement in Paris, which just went on for several months, he returned to Barcelona until the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1932. MirãÆ'â ³ started to show his indignation in his craft by drawing wild works of art. The spaces left between his fine art were busy with massive figures, and substance that are wounded or contaminated with illnesses Higdon 3. From these new types of pressures are brutally enlivened because of the battle of his kin just as the Spanish Civil War. MirãÆ'â ³ additionally appreciated composition his work to interface like stars to sort of structure groups of stars. He did this by allowing his shapes to shapes, and shading just the level surfaced territories. A few people attempted to relate his craft toward no-no because of his hues speaking to the various regions of Spain. However in 1977, MirãÆ'â ³ was approached to structure the official banner for Catalonia Figure 5. MirãÆ'â ³ lived to see the accomplishment of that battle and believed it to be among the best compensations of his life Higdon 5. MirãÆ'â ³ passed on in Palma, Majorca, Spain December 25, 1983.

Project Censored Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Venture Censored - Essay Example This follows the requires the regard of human rights and human pride in the equitable space that U.S rules. In fact, U.S being the most just country on the planet ought to guarantee that there are no instances of rape in the military and in the general public. Updates on rape of U.S military ladies is exceptional since it characterizes untrustworthy conduct among the trained powers, which negates the implicit rules for such officials. All the more along these lines, the story is interesting in that there are not very many announced instances of rape in the U.S military. With the data introduced in the story one can have the option to see the law based levels in U.S dependent on this unique situation, comprehend the spot of ladies in the law based society, and infer the right measures to turn away such a situation. Moreover, this data will assist us with understanding the general medical problems, sexuality in people, and the extraordinary viciousness in ladies. The story will furnish us with information on the elements of rape in the military and how more casualties are discovering trust in announcing rape cases. Such data will infer information on what propels casualties to report any rape. Outstandingly, after announcing, casualties can lay cases for wellbeing impacts that may exude from such sexual assaults. This story will support any casualty and the general public to comprehend the solutions for rape in the US military. All things considered, the story is significant as it characterizes sexuality in people and breaks down how casualties can get to equity and the applicable advantages after experiencing rape in the US military. It likewise shows how specialists segregate ladies who report rape with a perspective on getting to equity and getting the pertinent cases. Accordingly, we can set up that not having this data can influence residents who live in a law based society. To be sure, residents without this data won't know the rate and priority of rape in the US military (Chemaly 1) as a general medical problem. The data delineates the degree of increment in the quantity of detailed rape cases in the US military. Just residents without this data will likewise need enough information on the foundations for the expanded quantities of announced rape cases (McVeigh 1). This will deny such residents an opportunity to devise components equipped towards diminishing instances of rape and increment occurrences of detailed rape cases for motivations behind taking the vital measures. The vote based residents will similarly need enough information on where to report rape cases in the US military. This risks the endeavors planned for lessening instances of rape. Additionally, fair residents who come up short on this data won't comprehend the enduring of the people in question and the cases of the promoters bunches in this way missing the fervor to battle against rape against ladies in the US military. Moreover, absence of this data will bring dow n the citizen’s information on the government’s activities equipped towards urging casualties to report attacks (Chemaly 1). Without a doubt, the data additionally delineates the endeavors of the Congress, Senators, previous military officials, and casualties' gatherings in decreasing instances of rape in the US military (McVeigh 1). Absence of this data will likewise deny the law based residents an opportunity to know their human rights and advantages joined to the people in question

Surveillance Cameras and Privacy - 825 Words

Surveillance Cameras and Privacy (Research Paper Sample) Content: Surveillance Cameras and PrivacyNameInstitutionDate of submissionVideo surveillance is slowly but strongly enforcing itself in the society today. CCTV cameras and other surveillance equipment including software can be found almost everywhere. The law enforcement agents are using CCTV footages to identify and prosecute criminals. CCTV cameras are found in banking halls, the mall and also on the streets. CCTV cameras are very handy in deterring criminal activities and maintaining harmony on the streets but in not properly utilized can lead to invasion of privacy. The private space of an individual is where they are not under any unauthorized surveillance (Harris 2004) The fourth amendment law protects the privacy of individuals.According to this law surveillance camera can only be used in public place to monitor people or activities (Nieto 1997). Therefore it is against the law to record people unknowingly in areas that are considered to require some form of privacy. Th ese includes: locker rooms, bathrooms, and bedrooms. It is a crime in states like Florida to record people using hidden cameras without their consent. Another controversial concerning surveillance and privacy is the use of hidden cameras in the workplace. The company has to get prior permission to install and use the hidden cameras in workplace otherwise the footage got cannot be used to incriminate anyone. Employees get protections from hidden cameras from their labor organizations but this is not enough. Small office workers or the average employees cannot benefit from such laws since the employers can install hidden cameras wherever they want including restrooms and nothing can be done about it (Allen e.tal 2007).The use of CCTV cameras was a superb idea but nowadays its use has overstepped the boundaries (Paul 2012). They are used everywhere and in some places their use isn't effective at all. Local government organizations are installing CCTV haphazardly without contemplating i f they will become effective. For instance a total of about 3000 surveillance cameras are to be installed in New York (ACLU 2012). For all there is, this will help minimize privacy instead of promoting harmony and preventing crime. It would have been more effective to employ the same number of police officers instead. Initially CCTV cameras were meant to curb crime but nowadays they are used on everything such as monitoring traffic and monitoring parking space. This wide use has led to proliferating into the lives of other people for instance a case whereby a security officer was using CCTV camera to ogle ladies in an airport. Cases of inappropriate harassment from dropping litter or even failing to clean up after their dogs, has been seen from use of CCTV surveillance.This is not a bad thing but it beats the logic of using CCTV cameras in the first place. Local authorities should thus analyze the effectiveness and cost of using surveillance as opposed to other protective measures. The gaps in knowledge was identified by misunderstanding the ultimate use of CCTV surveillance and other type of surveillance and this was filled by comprehending its uses and how they are being used as at now. Also the issue of privacy in surveillance was incorporated into knowledge by identifying cases that infringed into the privacy of individuals.Source Complex or Simple Main Point My Take-Away . Allen, Myria, Coopman Stephanie, Hart Joy, and Walker Kasey. Workplace Surveillance and Managing Privacy Boundaries.  Management Communication Quarterly, 21 (2007): 172-200. complex Implications from the use of Surveillance cameras in workplace * Cameras infringe privacy of workers at workplace * Workers cannot deter installation of surveillance cameras even via their labor organizations * Hidden cameras should not be placed in all areas of the workplace like restrooms BBC. Is CCTV Creeping too Far?  BBC News Magazine. 2011. Web. April 26, 2012.Lorna, Harris.  Employee Video Surveillance Challenged under New Privacy Law.  Canadian HR Reporter, 17 (2004): 5. Simple Use of CCTV for surveillance has overstepped the * Vast use of CCTV in U.K(over 4500) * Proliferation of surveillance into privacy * Pressure groups like No CCTV emerging Payne, Paul. A sense of Security or Invasion of Privacy.  Press Democrat. 2007. Web. 4 /26/ 2012. Simple Surveillance cameras invade into the privacy of individuals * Use of surveillance cameras infringes privacy * Surveillance cameras don't aid in preventing crime * Cameras are handy in investigations Marcus Nieto. Public Video Surveillance: Is It An Effective Crime "Prevention Tool?  (1997) retrieved /crb/97/05/5/6/2012 Complex Surveillance not an effective crime preventi...

Coca Cola s Leadership And Management Style Of The Company

Introduction The Coca-Cola Company is a global company which manufactures, distributes and markets a range of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. It currently markets over 500 brands and 3,500 products and owns four of the top five non-alcoholic beverages in the world: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. These products are manufactured and distributed through a network of distribution and bottling partners. They are a multi-billion-dollar company who operate a franchised distribution system dating back from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrates which are then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The Coca-Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments. They are headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States of America and currently employs over 700,000 people in over 200 different countries and territories throughout the world. Coca-Cola operates through six business segments: Africa, Asia, Middle East, European Union, Latin America and North America. This report will seek explain the leadership and management style of the company and how motivation affects the culture and employee engagement and performance. Leadership Approaches and Styles There are three main approaches to leadership evident within the Coca-Cola Company are as follows: I. Behavioural Theory II. Contingency Theory III. Transformational Theory Behavioural This theory isShow MoreRelatedManagement Strategy At Coca Cola1619 Words   |  7 PagesManagement at Coca Cola Sandra Lee-Sartor MGT500-Modern Management Dr. McGrath November 21, 2016 Evaluate two (2) key changes in the selected company s management style from the company s inception to the current day. Indicate whether or not you believe the company is properly managed. Provide support for your position. 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ES 1010 Earth Science - 857 Words

ES 1010, Unit 8 Question 11 - Discuss stellar evolution (describing each stage in brief). What forces are opposing one another throughout the life of a star and how do they influence the various stages in the life cycle of a star Stellar evolution stars exist because of gravity. The two opposing forces in a star are gravity (contracts) and thermal nuclear energy (expands). Stage 1 Birth is where gravity contracts the cloud and the temperature rises, becoming a protostar. Protostars are a hypothetical cloud of dust and atoms in space which are believed to develop into a star. Astronomers are fairly certain of their existence. Protostars are formed about a million years after a gas clump from an interstellar gas cloud has started†¦show more content†¦The farther away a star is, the less its parallax. The light year is a unit used to express stellar distance, which is the distance light travels in a year, which is approximately 9.5 trillion kilometers (5.8 trillion miles). The parallax angles are very small. Proxima Centauri is the parallax angle nearest to the star. It is less than one second or arc, which equals 1/3600 of a degree. A human finger is roughly 1 degree wide. The distances to stars are so large that conventional units such as kilometers or astronomical units are often too cumbersome to use. Some limitations are that parallax angles of less than 0.001 arcsec are very difficult to measure from Earth because of the effects on the Earth’s atmosphere. This limits Earth based telescopes to measuring the distances to stars about 10.01 or 100 parsecs away. Spaced based telescopes can get accuracy to 0.001, which has increased the number of stars whose distance could be measured with this method. However, most stars even in our own galaxy are much further away than 1000 parsecs, since the Milky Way is about 30,000 parsecs across. Reference Lutgens, F. K. Tarbuck, E. J. (2011). Foundations of earth science (6th ed.). 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Sterilization Of Water Using Bleaching Powder free essay sample

STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER A CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROjECT ANSHUL KUMAR PANDEY XII B [THIS PROJECT LOOKS AT THE TECHNIQUE CALLED STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER WHICH IS USED TO PURIFY WATER AND MAKES IT FIT FOR DRINKING. ] INDEX I. Introduction -Need of Water -Purification of Water -Need for a stable purification technique II. Theory -History of Water purification -Bleaching powder and its preparation -Use of Bleaching powder in Sterilization of water III. Experiment -Aim -Pre-Requisite Knowledge -Requirements -Procedure IV. Result V. Bibliography I. Introduction Need of water Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Hemoglobin throughout the body. A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about 11 gallons at a time. standing up, an average allowance of 5 gallons should be given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a camel. An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8 gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum quantities. One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs. ). In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified and supplied in a orderly and systematic way. But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to identify resources of water from which we can use water for drinking purposes. Many available resources of water do not have it in drinkable form. Either the water contains excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe for Drinking. Purification of Water There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of them are: 1. Boiling 2. Filtration 3. Bleaching powder treatment 4. SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) And the list goes on†¦. Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification technique in use today. While in normal households it is an efficient technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the water to be purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due to evaporation is almost negligible. But in Industrial or large scale purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will be quite high and the amount of purified water obtained will be very less. Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water. One major drawback of this purification process is that it cannot be used for removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with water. SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by the United Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink bottles, sunlight, and a black surface– at least in hot nations with regularly intense sunlight. Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill microbes in the water. The process is made even more safe and effective if the bottom half of the bottle or the surface it’s lying on is blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or metal. It’s the combination of heat and ultraviolet light which kills the organisms. The major drawback of this purification technique is that it cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time consumed for Purification process is more and it also needs a ‘blackened’ surface, much like solar cookers. Need for a stable purification technique Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third party content and which is also economically feasible on both normal scale and large scale. Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as â€Å"Chlorination†. II. Theory History of water purification in different parts of the world. In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were installed. British scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water pump contamination by sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this paved the way for water disinfection. Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone do not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to governments starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination), and hence the first government regulation of public water. In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to protect public health. These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with powerful jet steam. Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked much better when it was preceded by coagulation and sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses as cholera and typhoid became less and less common as water chlorination won terrain throughout the world. But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not last long. After some time the negative effects of this element were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and it was linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory disease. Water experts started looking for alternative water disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and disinfection. The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the greatest achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities began routinely treating drinking water with chlorine (starting with Chicago and Jersey City in US in 1908), cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A killed thousands of U. S. residents annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped to virtually eliminate these diseases in the U. S. and other developed countries. Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires a multi-barrier approach that includes: protecting source water from contamination, appropriately treating raw water, and ensuring safe distribution of treated water to consumers’ taps. During the treatment process, chlorine is added to drinking water as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite. When applied to water, each of these forms â€Å"free chlorine,† which destroys pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination with other disinfectants. In addition to controlling disease-causing organisms, chlorination offers a number of benefits including: Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors Eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes and hinder disinfection and Helps remove iron and manganese from raw water. As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide â€Å"residual disinfectant† levels that prevent microbial re-growth and help protect treated water throughout the distribution system. For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies has been greatly improved by the addition of bleaching powder. Disinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause serious and life-threatening diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever. To this day, bleaching powder remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant, and the disinfectant for which we have the most scientific information. Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking water treatment process. However, bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter, naturally present in water, such as decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of chemicals known as disinfection by-products. Current scientific data shows that the benefits of bleaching our drinking water (less disease) are much greater than any health risks from THMs and other by-products. Although other disinfectants are available, bleaching powder remains the choice of water treatment experts. When used with modern water filtration methods, chlorine is effective against virtually all microorganisms. Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts of the chemical remain in the water as it travels in the distribution system from the treatment plant to the consumer’s tap, this level of effectiveness ensures that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it leaves the treatment. But what is bleaching powder and how is it prepared? Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula Ca(ClO) 2. It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent bleaching powder). This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process. Calcium Process 2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O Sodium Process 2 Ca(OH)2 + 3 Cl2 + 2 NaOH Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2 NaCl But how can this chemical be used to sterilize water? This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5 drops of bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make it safe for drinking. Letting it sit several hours more will help reduce the chlorine taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate out. A different reference advises when using household bleach for purification; add a single drop of bleach per quart of water which is visibly clear, or three drops per quart of water where the water is NOT visibly clear. Then allow the water to sit undisturbed for half an hour. What are the actual processes involved in disinfecting and purifying water? The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking water treatment worldwide: 1. Pre-chlorination – for algae control and arresting any biological growth 2. Aeration – along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and manganese 3. Coagulation – for flocculation 4. Coagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte’s – to improve coagulation and for thicker floc formation 5. Sedimentation – for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids trapped in the floc 6. Filtration – for removal of carried over floc 7. Disinfection – for killing bacteria Out of these processes, the role of Bleaching powder is only in the last step i. e. for Disinfection of water. III. Experiment Aim To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water. Requirements Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool. Bleaching Powder, Glass wool, 0. 1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution, different samples of water, starch solution. Pre-Requisite Knowledge 1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water. CaOCl2+H20 I Ca(OH)2+Cl2 2. The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of Iodine is liberated. The Iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution as indicator. Cl2+2KI i 2KCl+I2 I2+2Na2S2O3 i Na2S4O6+2NaI A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of residual chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium iodide solution and then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution. From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of water can be calculated. Procedure 1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately 2. 5g of the given sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is diluted with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume 250ml. The solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution. 2. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0. 1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about 2ml starch solution. The solution now becomes blue in color. Continue titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three concordant readings. 3. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical flask and add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and titrate against 0. 1N Na2S2O3 solution using starch solution as indicator as described in step 2. 4. Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the observations.